Level AOperable
2.3.1

Three Flashes or Below Threshold

Nothing should flash more than three times per second, because rapid flashing can trigger seizures.

In plain English

This is the one accessibility rule that is about physical safety, not just usability. Rapid flashing, more than three flashes a second, can trigger seizures in people with photosensitive epilepsy. The rule is simple and strict: nothing on your page should flash faster than that (unless the flashing area is very small and dim).

Most stores never hit this, but any bold animated banner, strobing GIF, or flashy video is worth a quick check.

Who this is for

  • People with photosensitive epilepsy, for whom flashing can cause a seizure.
  • People with vestibular conditions, who are also affected by intense motion.

How to check and fix it yourself

Look at any animated or video content with rapid, bright changes. If anything flashes more than three times per second, slow it down, remove the strobe, or shrink and dim it below the threshold.

Bad:  a strobing GIF banner or a video with rapid bright flashes.
Good: smooth animation with no rapid flashing; any flash under 3/second.

If you are unsure, free tools like PEAT (the Photosensitive Epilepsy Analysis Tool) can test a clip.

Where we can help

This is rare but serious, so we scan any animated or video content on your store for flashing risk and flag anything that needs slowing or removing. It is a non-negotiable item on the common failures list.

How to meet it

Techniques the W3C accepts as sufficient (summarized). Follow a link for the full method.

Frequently asked questions

What does three flashes require?+

Success Criterion 2.3.1 (Level A) says web pages must not contain anything that flashes more than three times in any one-second period, unless the flashing is small enough and dim enough to be below the recognised seizure thresholds.

Why does flashing matter?+

Rapid flashing, especially bright or red flashing over a large area, can trigger seizures in people with photosensitive epilepsy. Unlike most accessibility issues, this one can cause direct physical harm, which is why it is a strict Level A requirement.

What could flash on a store?+

Animated GIFs or videos with strobing effects, flashy promotional banners, some background video, or an aggressive animation. Most stores are fine, but it is worth checking any bold animated content.

Reference

This is a plain-language explainer. The authoritative source is the W3C Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.2.

WCAG 2.2 © W3C. Excerpts are paraphrased; see the linked documents for the normative text.

Not sure if your store passes 2.3.1?

A human auditor checks this and every other criterion against your live store, and documents the result.

Book an audit